Which combination represents common ESG risk categories that firms monitor?

• A. Environmental, Social, and Governance risks
• B. Financial risks only
• C. Operational risks only
• D. Reputational risks only

Answer: (A)

The key idea is that firms monitor risk through an ESG lens: Environmental, Social, and Governance risks. Environmental covers climate impact, emissions, resource use, and environmental regulation. Social includes things like labor practices, health and safety, community impact, and human rights. Governance looks at board independence, ethics, transparency, risk management, and executive oversight. Together, these categories provide a comprehensive view of long‑term resilience and value, since issues in any area can lead to regulatory action, reputational damage, supply‑chain disruptions, or financial consequences. The other options focus on narrower risk areas (financial, operational, or reputational) and don’t represent the full ESG framework.